Enduring Love Extract :: essays research papers

In an extract from Ian McEwan’s ‘Enduring Love’ the main character, Joe, faces many conflicts emotionally. In Joe’s mind, his emotions and rational thought pull him in two different directions when all he seeks is a common answer. In order to portray Joe’s emotional distress, ‘Enduring Love’ is told through first person narration. Joe searches for logical explanations but the more he looks, the further the truth seems to be. The day after John Logan’s death, Joe’s conscious makes the whole event ‘illumined and animated’ in his mind. He begins to relive the nightmare, trying to find the right answers. His guilty conscious accuses him of ‘kill[ing] (John Logan)’. Joe cannot deal with his new-found responsibility and tries to find what he believes to be the ‘truth’. On one hand, he wants the truth to be that he was not an accomplice in a man’s death yet on the other hand he wants to know what actually happened and who was the cause of it. However, the truth is, he will never know. He is left with questions and he who believes entirely in science, math and the nature of knowing, can’t comprehend this fact. Joe analyzes the situation using his mathematical and scientific knowledge. He believes that ‘eight hundred pounds would have kept [them] close to the ground’ and therefore, the ‘first person’ to let go is at fault. He is looking for someone to blame and so places all the responsibility on this one soul. Yet he does not want to be this person, when he knows he very well could be. The thought of this being possible is excruciating and he obsessively tells himself that it was ‘not [him]’. He only wants the truth if the person turned out to be him. Joe tries manipulating mathematics to make ‘calculations’ regarding the balloon incident and uses his analytical mind to find answers yet he never allows his feelings to consume him. He’s always analyzing his own thoughts. He wants a selected truth not reality. Joe’s conflict is also shown through a repetition of certain words. They show his feelings transition from self- blame to searching for the culprit. While trying to ease his mind, Joe no longer uses the word ‘I’. He can’t take his own accusations and so places the blame on the group as a whole. He repetitively uses the word ‘we’ when referring to what could have been done but was not.

Hershey’s Food Corporation: Erp Failure

REAL CASE STUDY I Hershey Foods Corporation: Failure and Success with Information Technology Point of View Managerial Point of View Objective To examine the reasons behind the SAP AG’S R/3 ERP implementation failure at Hershey’s Food Corporation Problem What could have done otherwise to avoid the SAP AG’S R/3 ERP implementation failure at Hershey’s Food Corporation? Areas of Consideration In late 1996, Hershey Foods Corporation the leading manufacturer of chocolates, confectionaries and beverages in United States of America began modernizing hardware and software systems in the company.In an attempt to manage Y2K issues, it chose to replace those systems and shift to client/server environment, which suggest that the company had pressing needs which forced the implementation. It was to switch over to the new ERP system by April 1999 as per original plan. It chose three software vendors – SAP, Manugistics, and Siebel for implementing different software modules. The com pany spent $112 million and 30 months on their ERP project. The project was running as per schedule till January 1999, and when it came to the final phase of the implementation, the company faltered.Time pressed, they went live in July 1999 which led the company experienced several problems pushing orders through the system, resulting in shipping delays and deliveries of incomplete orders. The retailers who ordered for Hershey's products could not get them on time, even though the company had ample supplies stocked at its warehouses. However, it was too late for Hershey to respond to this problem. As a result, Hershey's revenues dropped. Many reasons have been cited for the Hershey ERP failure. One, the project was originally scheduled to take four years, but the company forced the implementation to go live in just 30 months.Two, the company simultaneously implemented a customer-relations package and a logistics package, largely increasing the overall complexity and employee learnin g curve. Three, the company went live at their busiest time of the year, just before Halloween, and the resulting delays caused profits to fall. Though SAP was blamed for Hershey's disaster, the company's management viewed it differently. Hence, the top management of the company as well as industry analysts began looking at other reasons for the problems at Hershey.Alternative Courses of Action 1. Before opting to deploy a new ERP system, try to consider upgrading your old version of system rather than instantly launching for a new one. Before trying to replace those systems and shifting to new ones, try to know the factors affecting or contributing to success and failures that you might encounter along the implementation. Evaluate the needs first before making a decision. Also before opting to deploy a new system, try to stabilize first the phases of its implementation before going on live.Make sure that the old version of system is running standstill during the first phase of impl ementation of the new system. Lest the new system suddenly fall short, you still have the old version of system to back you up during mid-operations. 2. Never have multiple vendors within one project. ERP systems must be installed in a more staged manner, especially when applications from multiple vendors are involved. Roll out the modules in stages and don’t attempt to implement other applications simultaneously. 3. Choose the right time for implementation.Implementing it in a wrong time is a messed up. The company would have very well avoided this trouble if only they thought of going ahead with ERP during those occasions when the business process in the whole market experiences a slow movement. And never went to the extent of spending the whole time and efforts on implementing ERP. This will disrupt the normal functioning of the business and creates confusion in the company. Since attention was wholly diverted to ERP it was not possible to rectify the uncertainties that em erged in the business as a result of ERP. . Effective testing and scheduling. Effective testing in an ERP implementation can lessen exposure to failure risks and damages. Never opt to quicken the implementation process, where several modules are implemented simultaneously. The company must ensure that the system is fully tested and ready for implementation. If possible, plan the ERP project to go-live date during the company’s slow periods. Effective scheduling is important in ERP implementations because the process is lengthy, complicated and delays can increase large costs.However, management must review closely the need for extending the timeline to ensure success of the project. TOWS Threats ERP Implementation in Hershey Foods Corporation can be a difficult, time-consuming, and expensive project for the company. The technology is tightly integrated and requires a commitment from all division. It can take years to complete and cost risks. Moreover, there is no guarantee of the outcome. If not properly planned for, the investment may drive Hershey out of business. Opportunities Hershey made efforts to stabilize SAP and other systems. Hershey’s recent upgrade of its ERP system to R/3 version 4. was completed 20 percent under budget and without any of the order processing and product-shipment disruptions that marred the initial $112 million rollout in 1999. It was able to make more than 30 improvements to its core business processes within 60 days of going live.The company cited enhancements such as the automation of pick-list processing and materials management invoice verification, plus credit processing for distributors to military customers. These improvements have helped reduce costs and speed up processing times. It has also â€Å"achieved a near-zero-defect production environment† with R/3 4. and is using SAP’S business analysis tools to measure the impact of sales and marketing programs as they happen. Weakness Hershey would n’t specify whether the problems stemmed from its configuration of the system or the software itself. The top management of the company as well as industry analysts began looking at the reasons for the problems at Hershey. Though SAP was blamed for Hershey's disaster, the company's management viewed it differently: Hershey decided to take shortcuts since the project was originally scheduled to take four years, but the company forced the implementation to go live in just 30 months.Thus, Hershey’s experiences illustrate the fact that most troubled ERP rollouts are caused by project management issues, not faulty software. Strengths By experiencing this kind of failures Hershey Foods Corporation’s IT Staff was able to exceed its delivery commitments for the project because of strong program management and executive leadership, diligent planning and an extensive testing and training plan. This time the implementation underwent extensive testing. Hershey made sure to take the time and resources to thoroughly test the computer systems.Conclusion Consider alternative course of action no. 1 Failures in major business/IT projects continue to occur to large companies like Hershey Foods Corporation with so much IT expertise and financial resources. These mistakes cost the price in the long run. Hershey has learned valuable lessons from their SAP implementation and these lessons are to move slower and be more methodical. The lessons learnt can as well serve as indication for failure or bankruptcy by driving you out of the business path.Hershey’s failure should caution any company that chooses to implement such broad application and make sure that system will function smoothly before entering peak sales period. There is one final aspect to be considered in any degree of project failure. All success is rooted in either luck or failure. If you begin with luck, you learn nothing but arrogance. However, if you begin with failure and learn to evaluate it, you also learn to succeed. Failure begets knowledge. Out of knowledge you gain wisdom, and it is with wisdom that you can become truly successful.Recommendation Before committing to a specific ERP software package, companies like Hershey Foods Corporation need to take the time to evaluate their ERP needs. They need to define in advance: 1. How they want to run their business? 2. What problems need to be resolved? 3. What are their priorities? 4. What are the current processes – what works and what doesn’t in the implementation plan? 5. What software will best resolve their problems, meet their goals and priorities?

A Theoretical Perspective On Race Relations Essay

Joe R. Feagin and Clairece Booher Feagin use their piece â€Å"Theoretical Perspectives in Race Relations† to talk about the common misconception of the assimilation of ethnic minorities to the core white culture. As I gradually worked through the reading, I realized that the process of assimilation was much more rigid and tedious for some rather than others as time went on. Feagin and Feagin pointed towards how European immigrant groups were able to assimilate with ease into White American culture. Non-European immigrants such as African-Americans and Latinos were subject to discrimination within a rigid class system that the US economy benefitted off of cheap labor and poor housing markets. Through the use of historical examples, the allocation of class, and race in American society, I was able to realize how intricate of a problem ethnic minorities face to achieve equality. The idea that if blacks and latinos simply started to take after white people, then the wealth, educa tion, and success would soon follow soon diminished, as I realized much of the European immigrant groups have made huge progress over decades, while non-European immigrant groups haven’t made the progress in quality of life. Making the conversation of equality in America not simply about race, or income, or legacy, but rather a culmination of factors that feed into a group’s ascension in society. The old examples of immigrants having difficulty of assimilating to American society transcends today to manyShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Inequalities Of Gender Inequality1625 Words   |  7 Pages1. Inequalities of Gender 1. Discuss the various forms of Gender inequality 2. Choose and discuss two theoretical perspectives used to analyze gender inequality 3. Make sure to compare the perspectives and choose which one you align yourself with Kerbo (1994) refer to gender as the socially constructed definition of what it mean to be female or male. Sex and gender are two separate terms. Sex refers to the biological characteristics. However, gender is completely different. Gender is sociallyRead MoreThree Theoretical Approaches to Sociology1326 Words   |  6 Pages3 Major Theoretical Approaches to Sociology Functionalism (a.k.a. Structural Functionalism, Functional Analysis, Positivism): Until relatively modern times the prevalent sociological perspective was Functionalism, a paradigm which analyzes social structures (such as religion, schooling, or race relations) to deduce what social functions (such as marriage conventions, college attendance, or hiring practices) derive from them. This theoretical approach views society as a system of inter-dependentRead MoreDifference Between Ethnicity And Class939 Words   |  4 Pages64). According to Collins these contained constructions to difference, ignores the power relations and material disparities that create domination (Collins, 1997: 75). This simple justification is insufficient for other reasons as well, which arises from its basic ‘Race, Gender and Class’ assumptions; i.e., that each person has a race, gender, class identity, and that the impacts of all collective relations are instantaneously gendered, raced, and classed (West and Fenstermaker, 1997: 60)Read MoreA Contemporary Analysis : Immigration And The Three Theoretical Paradigms1749 Words   |  7 PagesA Contemporary Analysis: Immigration and the Three Theoretical Paradigms Chris Ek Salisbury University Abstract The three theoretical paradigms of liberalism, mercantilism, and Marxism all create different analyses of certain contemporary issues. Leaders in society today use the paradigms to help create opinions over economics, immigration, and other key subjects that world leaders are constantly debating. Although, the knowledge of the basic foundations of each theory is extremely importantRead MoreThe Welfare System Within New Zealand1626 Words   |  7 Pagespromote the well being of citizens.† From this there are certain theories and/or theoretical perspectives in which best reflects the views expressed by Bennett in relating to the key issue and/or problem. The term ‘theory’ as Cheyne (2008,68) indicates within his word as it â€Å"it is a set of ideas that claims to explain how something works.† From this quote in relation to the welfare system, theory or theoretical perspectives is of importance when considering the key problem as previously mentioned aboveRea d MoreSociological Perspective On Health And The Health Care Essay1184 Words   |  5 PagesSociological Perspective on Health and the Health Care Overview The â€Å"Sociological Perspective on Health and the Health Care† introduced perspectives about social structure, and social relations. The readers learn the sociological theory and the main misconceptions related to health care, and their policies. It provides an explanation of the production and the distribution of health care services. Firstly, structural functionalism focuses on individuals and groups in society and how it maintainsRead MoreAnalysis Of Patricia Hill Collins Black Feminist956 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosopher has written books and spent extensive time on studying the central concept of feminist epistemology is that of women placed in a particular position or condition and hence of fixed knowledge: knowledge that reflects the particular perspectives of women. In her book Black Feminist Thought Collins, expresses her concern as a black women moving from her neighborhood in Philadelphia to Boston she says, â€Å"My world grew larger, but I felt I wa s growing smaller. I tried to disappear into myselfRead MoreThe Inferiority Complex Placed Upon The Subaltern1281 Words   |  6 Pagesfilms in a different light; a light of awareness and outrage. It helps to give the subaltern a chance to tell his or her side of history and it results in talk about race in the world. In Frantz Fanon’s book, Black Skin, White Mask, it expounds that films, from the subaltern’s point of view, help to create is discourse about race relations in the Unites States and the world alike through allowing the view to think differently, express sympathy for the subaltern, and give as to why we rarely hear fromRead MoreSociology : A Sociological Perspective1053 Words   |  5 Pagesthe social world from many perspectives. (Sutton 2013). Sociology perspectives are overview of human behaviour and its connection to society as a whole. A sociological theory is a set of ideas explain how society or aspects of society work and there are many variati ons of the basic theories. There will be introduced when they become applicable to certain cases (Haralambos Holborn 2008).There are many sociological perspectives, the three major theoretical perspectives in sociology is the structuredRead MoreMarxism and Class, Gender and Race: Rethinking the Trilogy5203 Words   |  21 PagesMARXISM AND CLASS, GENDER AND RACE: RETHINKING THE TRILOGY Published (2001) in RACE, GENDER amp; CLASS, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 23-33, special issue on Marxism and Race, Gender amp; Class. It is posted here with permission of Jean Belkhir, Editor Introduction A taken for granted feature of most social science publications today, especially those about inequality, is the ritual critique of Marx and Marxism in the process of introducing theoretical alternatives intended to remedy its alleged failures

Management Accounting And Practices Of Small And Medium...

2.1 Introduction This chapter begins by looking at the literature that will give considerable information about Management Accounting and the practices of Small and medium Enterprises, bringing out the interdependence and interrelation of one to the other. 2.2 Overview of Management Accounting Management accounting was first known as cost accounting. This origin was reflected in the earlier title for practitioners of cost or works accountants (Wilson and Chua, 1988). Accounting historians have long endorsed the view that cost accounting is a product of the industrial revolution (Johnson, 1981). For example (Wilson and Chua, 1993) claimed that cost accounting was practiced by the mechanized, multi process, cotton textile factories that appeared in England and United States around 1800. This point of view was consistent with Garner (1947) who pointed out that cost accounting had emerged only after eighteenth century as a result of the rise of the factory system in the industrial revolution. The traditional view contends that cost accounting arose due to the increased use of fixed capital prompted accountants during the industrial revolution to graft cost accounting onto the double-entry system (Johnson, 1981). Garner (1947) argued that the practices and theories of cost acco unting origins can be traced to the fourteenth century. (Garner, 1947) explained that the English, Flemish and German commerce have encountered significant growth during this period. and variousShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Cash Management1482 Words   |  6 PagesHe utilized hypothesis with Working Capital Management, Investment decisions and financing decisions as independent variables were used to measure financial performance in place of the dependent variable. The researchers were used self-administered questionnaire with quantities, and sample size of 100. The study presented that measured individually; there is a positive relationship between working capital management; investment decisions; financial decisions and financial performance. Also, the studyRead MoreSmes, Family Involvement, And Financial Management1580 Words   |  7 PagesSMEs, Family involvement, and Financial Management In the Philippines, MSMEs can be considered as the backbone of the economy as they are major contributors of job creation and play a vital role as providers of goods and services to large firms. In fact, 99.6% out of 941,174 establishments in 2013 are micro, small, and medium enterprises. However, the attrition rates for startup MSMEs in the country can go as high as 50 percent, which means that many MSMEs are having a difficult time keeping theirRead MoreThe Effect Of Management Control On Family Firms1491 Words   |  6 Pagesof various studies across different fields such as accounting, finance, and management. This is most probably due to the fact that family firms account for the majority of business and employment worldwide (Tharawat, 2014). At the same time, most family firms have specific characteristics and practices that studies have yet to dwell on. While these and other considerations have recently led to more research on management accounting and management control in family firms, research on this topic isRead MoreRomania’s Post Communism Accounting Practices and the Effects of Adapting Ifrs for Smes1725 Words   |  7 PagesCommunism Accounting Practices and The Effects of Adapting IFRS for SMEs â€Æ' Abstract Romania, located in southeastern European, was heavily influenced by the Russian Soviet Union as a socialist republic between 1947 and 1989. With becoming a capitalist country in 1989, its accounting practices began its transformation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Romania accounting practices post its revolution. The paper discusses three major accounting practice conversionsRead MoreAdoption of Ifrs in Bulgaria1197 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction of IFRS for small and medium companies in Bulgaria In this essay we discuss the development and adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the Republic of Bulgaria. Most of the characteristics and features apply not only to this country, but also to most developing economies in Europe. The IFRS are a set of standards which imply rules, methods and governance for reporting and interpreting financialRead MoreAbc Is a Better Principle Than Traditional Cost System1271 Words   |  6 Pagessystem. Discuss. Student Name: Zhang Ruoshi Assignment Title: Essay Module Code: LZ118-122 Module Teacher: Rebecca Manufacturing  is  one of  the company s core  processes, while accounting  is the key impact  for enterprise to  produce  good products. Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is a new method of costing system. This method can help a company to allocate costs more accurately in today s complex business world. In contrast to traditional  cost systemRead MoreEssay On Accounting Services In Ghana826 Words   |  4 PagesAccounting Services in Ghana Major Accounting Firms and services The amazing thing is all the major international accounting firms have offices in Ghana and the right size investment firm is often a function of the investor’s needs and budgets. Sometimes it is seen that all the needed accounting and tax functions at a lesser cost are performed by the small and medium size firms. The main challenge is to find a firm with a solid reputation where chambers of commerce and attorneysRead MoreAccounting Analysis On Management Accounting Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesManagement Accounting Introduction: Management accounting technique is the procedure of understanding, analyzing, exam, calculating, deciphers, and transfers the verbal data to chase of company objectives. The section of bookkeeping is called as cost accounting. The difference between the financial and managerial bookkeeping data is the goal at assist the administrators inside the corporation to create choice as per their situations. Even as economic bookkeeping is intended at giving data to gatheringRead MoreMyob Analysis881 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals or firms to offer sale and consultant services. (Carly, 2002) 2. China market background Small and medium-sized enterprises, as the MYOB’s target market since it was founded, have a quite different developing condition in China. SMEs were not occurred in China until the economic reforms in 1980s. However, China witnessed a total earthshaking change in composition of enterprises with the number of SMEs founded during last two decades outnumbering the sum of that in the United StatesRead MoreNew Zealand Small And Medium Sized Enterprises Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesSection 2 2.1 Brief Introduction to New Zealand Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are a key source of innovation and make a significant contribution to the economy of New Zealand in terms of employment, output and growth. There is no universally definition of an SME in New Zealand. However, from a government perspective, they are considered to be firms having the following traits: personal ownership and management, having few specialist managerial employees

An Exploratory Middle Ground Position Between Atheism And...

David Eagleman, during an interview with National Public Radio in February of 2009, coined the term â€Å"Possibilianism†. An exploratory middle ground position between atheism and theism. In this essay I argue that possibilianism as a new standpoint in the debate on the existence of God is irrelevant, as it holds the same ideological stance as agnosticism. In an article written by Eagleman titled â€Å"Beyond God and atheism: Why I am a possibilian† he says that â€Å"we know too little to commit to strict atheism, and too much to commit to any religion† (Eagleman, 2), this is the driving force behind his possibilianists standpoint. From my understanding, possibilianism is a philosophy that rejects the certainties held by both atheists who would argue in the complete non-existence of God and similarly theists who would vouch for His definite existence. In this situation we take God to refer to the monotheistic and orthodox depiction, as seen in the Christian, Judaism and Islamic faiths. Possibilianists are open to the ideas that we currently have no way of testing the existence of God, however we should hold off a definite judgement until further evidence can be provided through scientific research and exploration. Possibilianists emphasize the active exploration of new, unconsidered notions whereby anything goes at first (Eagleman, 3), but science is then added into the equation to rule out the impossible, and often to provide insights into new parts and possibilities. The overall

Once More Free Essays

Read over something you’ve written with an eye for the devices you’ve used to connect the parts. Underline all the transitions, pointing terms, key terms, and repetition. Do you see any patterns? Do you rely on certain devices more than others? Are there any passages that are hard to follow-and if so, can you make them easier to ready by adding appropriate transitions or trying any of the other devices discussed In this chapter. We will write a custom essay sample on Once More or any similar topic only for you Order Now Try revising your text to Include different ones. Pointing words help orient your reader and establish continuity wealth your writing. KEY POINTS use pointing words to help orient your readers. Plotting words point forward or backward to other sentences. Plotting words help to give your paragraphs continuity. Key terms a key term is a word that will be important on whatever subject you need to know, that involves a key term. You’ll usually have to define a key term like in social studies a key term would be: Ideology so you would define it as: a set of beliefs and values. Key terms are Vocabulary that someone should know in order to understand the topic. Petition The writer is usually trying to express an emotion or a phrase. Just like in Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† he repeats the last line â€Å"and miles to go before I sleep, and miles to go before I sleep† to stress the extent of his journey and his exhaustion. In â€Å"the charge of the light brigade† repetition was most likely used to honor the men who died. By repeatedly stressing the numbe r of men who fought and died for what they believe in they stress that they will not be easily forgotten. How to cite Once More, Papers

A Research Paper On The Construction Work - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the A Research Paper On The Construction Work. Answer: INTRODUCTION This research paper evaluates the construction of a two-storey building by outlining the process of approval and the required certificates from applications for construction approval to the construction's occupation. The numerous categories of construction approvals which are being applied in the state in question such as local, integrated, complying, and exempt are also to be discussed by nominating clearly the category in which the development would be under. The dissimilarity between the options of privately certified versus local government approvals of the state in question. The various defects shown in the photos are also to be identified as well as the impacts they have on the operation of the buildings. There is also a need to produce a schedule for construction in the format of critical path analysis and a Gantt chart. The initial planning will include the start and end dates, duration of every task, list of tasks. The standards that have been considered for the approval process and certification is Australia(James, 2014). Approval Process and Certificates Required The process of construction in Australia requires a developer to put into considerations the numerous requirements that require being fulfilled before the process of building can be undertaken. Every developer needs to diligently carry out issues that are likely to be confronted in the construction process. The different types of building approvals which are applied in Australia include: Exempt Approval: In this type of approval, there is low impact on the local government and may not require approval from Council if it attains certain standards under state environmental planning policy and state environment planning policy(Mant, 2015). Complying Approval: This is a fast-track process of approval for proposals of developments that are straightforward like new home or renovations of homes. The standards can be determined by a private or Council certifier without the need for a complete application development. Local Approval: In this type of approval, all the development requiring the Councils consent are specified under the Port Stephen Local Environment Plan of 2013. This means that in any construction, the local approval requires consent before the work is undertaken and should be lodged with the Council(Teshom, 2012). Integrated Approval: This type of approval is an approval that involves constructions situated on land identified as prone to bushfire or constructions within the roads belonging to the public. There is a requirement of an administration fee for both the maritime and roads services. In case of this development, the type of approval that this construction would fall under is local approval which can be categorized into two major sections. The certification and inspection of the project is an important phase which is required by the law that will ensure that the building is in accordance with the council regulation, Building Code of Australia, relevant Australian Standards, specifications, and approved plans, to make sure that the structural amenity, safety, health, and integrity is met (Teshom, 2012). Regulations, Local Government Approvals The initial step that is necessary for the developer to give them with registration certificates from the professionals who are registered that are charged with the supervision of building project construction. The certificates of registration include certificates from the structural and architect-engineer who are normally charged with ensuring stability and enforcing quality control of the structure during its construction. The professionals also fill a declaration of indemnity which indemnifies the authorities on any claims in the event of mishap or construction fault hence taking complete responsibility of ensuring that the construction is according to the relevant design standards and building codes(Teshom, 2012). Other documentation that requires being furnished to the authorities for approval of building processing include: Full application for approval for building permit Recent annual rates receipts The property ownership documents The major regions that the authorities charge for entails infrastructure development, site signage fees, fees for the occupational certificate, and fees for site inspection(Vandoros, 2014). Private Certified Approval For Private Certified Approval, there first step is to send the copy of details of the contact and the plans of Council plans together with supporting consent conditions to Private Certifiers Australia. The information can be sent through email of through phone call. The Private Certifiers Australia will then review the approved plans of the Council, supporting information, and consent conditions. The Private Certifiers Australia will then prepare an agreement of Consultancy to perform the roles on Principal Certifying Authority Role and the issue of a construction Certificate. The services engagement shall be through acknowledgement of the consultancy agreement and work scope as outlined. The engagement and acknowledgement are is situated on the final page of the consultancy fee submission. The Private Certifiers Australia will then issue a Construction Certificate form. Ounce Private Certifiers Australia has been reviewed, received, and verified the information submitted as conforming to the consents conditions, the Building Code of Australia and any other necessities as stipulated by the Private Certifiers Australia. The certificate of construction will then be issued to the applicant in strict accordance with the Environmental Assessment and Planning Act 1979. After the Construction Certificate has been issued to the applicant, the applicants will be required to inform the applicable the Environment Assessment and Planning Act 1979. Council of the Commencement of Building Works onsite. The certificate issued can be subjected to an alternate regulatory building approval framework under the Environmental Assessments and Planning Act 1979. Defects in the Proposed Development and how they can be impacted upon The foundation defect below is known as brick footing backfill damage. The defect is as a result of earth pressure, frost, and water. In the masonry block construction, wall or foundation cracks happen more frequently in the joints of the motor, however, may also happen through and across the blocks themselves. The defect above can be prevented by not exceeding the pressure limits of the building which may cause the footing to crack. Floods passing below the footing level can also cause this defect since the running water will weaken the footing by washing away the components that strengthen the wall. This defect can be prevented by making the footing to be strong enough to withstand pressure and water from outside(Vandoros, 2014). The construction defect shown in the figure below is known as vertical cracking. The vertical cracking occurs due to shrinkage and expansion of concrete blocks. The cracks in the construction walls tend to be more serious on the walls of the centre from the external pressure and loading. The defect of the wall takes place during settlement of foundation. Weak foundation is normally caused by wrong ration of mixture of the concrete, water, and sand(Vandoros, 2014). The defect below is known as Diagonal Cracks and occurs in footing as well as the block wall. The diagonal crack can appear in numerous structural components and materials and it indicates the actual differential settlement or vertical movement in the structure. The defect is caused by a sinkhole near or under the footing and also occasionally frost heaves(Silva, 2013). List of Tasks for Project 1 Task Duration (Days) Start General Requirement 4 01/01/2018 Site Preparation 2 Concrete Construction 3 Brick and Block Construction 6 Installation 3 Roofing 4 Cladding 2 Doors and Windows 2 Block and Tile Finishes 3 Painting 4 Timber Fixtures 3 Electrical and Mechanical installation 3 Fences and External Walls 4 Landscaping 2 02/12/2017 Critical Path Analysis After laying out the list of tasks, the correct activities sequence and network diagram would look like the figure below before the calculation of the earliest start time and latest finish time for every activity(Vandoros, 2014). The next step is to determine the earliest start time for every activity in the list of tasks above. The remaining earliest start time may be added to the diagram of the network as shown below: The latest finish time portrays the latest time an activity must be finished by evading delay to the project(James, 2014). The latest finish time is determined by observing the right to left on the network diagram as shown below: Gantt chart The Gantt chart which will be utilized by the research team during the period research is as shown in the figure below: Conclusion This research paper is about construction work and plan building. The approval process and certificates required for the construction of the building in question have been discussed according to the regulations of Australia. The different types of building approvals namely local, integrated, complying, exempt, and NSW have been discussed in this paper. The two major areas of involvement in approvals while constructing the building below in Australia is through seeking approvals from the National Construction Code and from the municipal councils. A municipal council is an option of local government in Australia while National Construction Code is a privately certified approval. The various types of defects that can occur in the walls and foundation of a building include vertical failure, horizontal failure, and block foundation backfill damage. Bibliography James, K., 2014. Critical-Path Planning and Scheduling. Melbourne: Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference. Mant, J., 2015. Observations on NSW Land Use Planning and Regulations. Sidney: IEEE. Silva, V., 2013. Defects of No-Loadbearing Masonry Walls Due to Partial Basal Supports. Moscow: Journal of Construction and Building Materials. Thom, T., 2012. Durability Problems of 20th Century Reinforced Concrete Heritage Structures and Their Restorations. Michigan: Technical University of Catalonia. Vandoros, K., 2014. Concrete jacket construction detail effectiveness when strengthening RC columns, Construction and Building Materials. Perth: Gale Art and Engineering Lite Package.